DESCRIPTION

SMAD1 is a receptor-regulated SMAD protein (R-SMAD) that plays a crucial role in the TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway. It interacts with TGF-β receptors on the cell membrane, gets phosphorylated, and then translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. SMAD1 is primarily involved in the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling pathway, regulating cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, morphogenesis, and immune responses. During embryonic development, SMAD1 controls cardiomyocyte differentiation and neural crest development through BMP2/4 signaling. It also plays a significant role in the differentiation of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and neurons, and participates in tissue repair and regeneration. Additionally, SMAD1 induces the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the immune system to maintain immune tolerance. Abnormal SMAD1 signaling pathways are associated with diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and congenital malformations.

PRINCIPLE OF THE ASSAY

Sandwich ELISA structure (Detection antibody labeled with HRP) A capture antibody is pre-coated onto the bottom of wells which binds to analyte of interest. A detection antibody labeled with HRP also binds to the analyte. TMB acts as the HRP substrate and the solution color will change from colorless to blue. A stop solution containing sulfuric acid turns solution yellow. The color intensity is proportional to the quantity of bound protein which is measurable at 450 nm with the correction wavelength set at 630 nm.

PRECISION

Intra-assay Precision (Precision within an assay) Three samples of known concentration were tested 8 times on one plate to assess intra-assay precision. Inter-assay Precision (Precision between assays) Three samples of known concentration were tested in 16 separate assays to assess inter-assay precision.

Intra-assay Precision

Sample	n	Mean (ng/mL)	SD	CV%
1	8	10.29	0.74	7.18
2	8	3.92	0.10	2.64
3	8	2.14	0.11	5.14

Inter-assay Precision

Sample	n	Mean (ng/mL)	SD	CV%
1	16	10.44	0.81	7.73
2	16	3.73	0.26	6.96
3	16	2.14	0.10	4.60

RECOVERY

The recovery of human SMAD1 spiked to three different levels throughout the range of the assay in cell lysate was evaluated.

Sample Type		Average% of Expected	Range (%)
Cell lysate	1:40	88	84-95
	1:80	90	87-96

LINEARITY

To assess the linearity of the assay, samples were diluted with the appropriate Sample Diluent to produce samples with values within the dynamic range of the assay. (The cell lysate was initially diluted 1:5.)

		Cell lysate
1:2	Average% of Expected	100
	Range (%)	-
1:4	Average% of Expected	95
	Range (%)	92-98
1:8	Average% of Expected	111
	Range (%)	107-115
1:16	Average% of Expected	123
	Range (%)	117-127

CALIBRATION

This immunoassay is calibrated against a highly purified recombinant human Human SMAD1 Sandwich ELISA Kit produced at Sunlong Medical™.

Ordering & shipping

• Minimum order: 1 kit
• Lead time: varies with order quantity and specifications. Please consult your local distributor or our sales team for confirmation
• Payment: T/T 100% in advance; PayPal; Alibaba Trade Assurance
• Shipping: FedEx / DHL / UPS express; cold-chain packing available on request
• Price: USD, per kit (48T / 96T options available)